AEROBIC WAY The citric acid cycle completes the energy yielding oxidation of organic molecules. In the presence of O2, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion. Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to […]
Posts in the 1st Year category:
Chapter 5 : bioenergetics
Introduction to bioenergetics Cellular respiration is composed of three topics: Redox reactions (oxidation-reduction) Electron transport chain Glycolysis In fact living cells require energy from outside sources. Some animals obtain energy by eating plants and some others feed on other organisms that eat plants, and […]
Chapter 4: enzyme substrate complex
Substrate specificity of enzymes -The reaction that an enzyme acts on is called the enzyme’s substrate. -The enzyme binds to its substrate forming an enzyme-substrate complex -The active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds. -Induced fit of a substrate brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance […]
Chapter 3 : cellular metabolism
Cellular metabolism – Metabolic path ways – Thermodynamics – Free energy – Introduction to enzymes Overview: the energy of life The living cell is a miniature chemical factory where thousands of reactions occur.The […]
Chapter 4 : Bayes rule
Total Probability, Bayes rule, Tree diagrams Probability spaces: Sample space S, Probability measure P Σ p(si) = 1 si<1 Event E is a subset of S, so: p(E) = Σ (ps) S<E Definition: events A and B are independent so P(A ∩ B)=P(A) P(B), We can extend this to more than 2 subsets: A,B,C S , A,B,C=events, […]
Chapter 2: basic counting and probability
Basic counting and probability Let’s count the number of words of length K with n letters ( repetition is authorized): So we have A , B , B ,A , C , (K = 5 n= 3 ) generally we can wright (n exponant k ) words. […]
Chapter 1: Probability ( basic review of sets)
Definition : A set is a collection of mathematical or every kind of elements e.g A = {1,2,3,4,6,Δ,a} .1,2,3,4,6,Δ,a are called elements of the set A and the size of elements is the absolute value of A = !A! (that is the absolute avalue of total number of elements) .In this case the size of A is 7 […]
Chapter 2 : Microbial genetics and evolution
Microbiology is the study of single celled creatures or organisms. They are divided in ,Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Eukaryotes : Fungi ,Protozoa Prokaryotes : Bacteria,Archie Because bacteria are most diverse collection of organisms, it is very hard to say something universally about bacteria. So, this discussion can be inexact concerning all bacteria. Generally, bacteria are small microorganismes (eg: E […]
Chapter 1: Mendelian genetics
Mendel crossed purple flowers (peas) with white flowers (peas) and he got purple flowers for all of the first generation. Now we should know that the first cross in any genetic cross is called the P cross or the parental cross and then the offspring’s of that are called the F1 or filial 1. When […]