Chapter 1: sequences and series

     Sequences and series   Consider the following sum: The dots at the end indicate that the sum goes on forever. Does this make sense? Can we assign a numerical value to an infinite sum? While at first it may seem difficult or impossible, we have certainly done something similar when we talked about […]

Chapter 4: enzyme substrate complex

Substrate specificity of enzymes -The reaction that an enzyme acts on is called the enzyme’s substrate. -The enzyme binds to its substrate forming an enzyme-substrate complex -The active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds. -Induced fit of a substrate brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance […]

Chapter 3 : cellular metabolism

                                            Cellular metabolism –          Metabolic path ways –          Thermodynamics –          Free energy –          Introduction to enzymes Overview: the energy of life The living cell is a miniature chemical factory where thousands of reactions occur.The […]

Chapter 4 : Bayes rule

Total Probability, Bayes rule, Tree diagrams Probability spaces: Sample space S, Probability measure P Σ p(si) = 1        si<1   Event E is a subset of S,  so:  p(E) = Σ (ps)             S<E Definition:  events A  and  B are  independent so  P(A ∩ B)=P(A) P(B), We  can extend  this to more than 2 subsets: A,B,C S , A,B,C=events, […]

Chapter 2: basic counting and probability

                                         Basic counting and probability Let’s count the number of words of length  K with n letters  ( repetition is  authorized): So  we have   A ,  B , B ,A ,  C ,   (K = 5    n= 3 )   generally   we  can wright (n exponant k ) words. […]

Chapter 1: Genetic engineering

GENETIC ENGINEERING Definition: Direct and deliberate modification of an organism’s genome. Spotlights and topics in genetic engineering Hybridization Genetic tools DNA analysis (electrophoresis and PCR) Recombinant DNA technology Gene therapy Genome analysis  (fingerprinting and microarray) HYBRIDIZATION Allows identification of an unknown organism by looking at its DNA sequence. Hybridization use a DNA that binds complementary […]

Chapter 1: Probability ( basic review of sets)

Definition : A set is a collection of mathematical or every kind of elements  e.g   A = {1,2,3,4,6,Δ,a} .1,2,3,4,6,Δ,a  are called elements of the set A and the size of elements is the absolute value of A = !A! (that is the absolute avalue of  total number of elements) .In this case the size of A is 7 […]

Chapter 2 : Microbial genetics and evolution

Microbiology is the study of single celled creatures or organisms. They are divided in ,Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Eukaryotes  : Fungi ,Protozoa Prokaryotes : Bacteria,Archie Because bacteria are most diverse collection of organisms, it is very hard to say something universally about bacteria. So, this discussion can be inexact concerning all bacteria. Generally, bacteria are small microorganismes (eg: E […]

Chapter 3: eukaryote cell division

Cell division is incredibly tightly regulated (cancer  is described as an unregulated cell growth).In respect tothe cell division,there is a machinery that is a transitory state and this machinery is renewed every cell cycle. Key components of this machinery are: 1)      Spindle: is made of microtubules or cytoskeleton, centrioles, kinetochores and contractile ring. 2)      And […]