Abstraction made of the time, the geometry is preponderant. In this section, we will discuss a lot about vectors and we define the tangent, the normal and the binormal. The tangent The trajectory is the path a moving object follows through space. Let’s analyse this curve ζ from the geometric point of view. The trajectory […]
Author: Dr GERARD Thomas
Chapter 3b: the motion, speed and acceleration
There is a motion if the vector changes over time. We can thus note this dependence . The variation of position is thus the motion. Noting the position of the object P1, P2, P3, … at consecutive times t1, t2, t3, … , we can introduce the displacement vector as the vector , and if the objects continues to […]
Chapter 3a: the motion- the position
The first formalism that has to be known in physics is the formalism of the motion. A formalism is associated with a certain rigorous mathematical method, defining symbols and rules that are commonly accepted, in the goal that everybody understands immediately the discussed matter. We will not be interested in the prediction of the motion nor […]
Chapter 2: quantities and units
Units are necessary to evaluate quantities. Obviously, a rhinoceros is heavier than a dog, but to know by how much, we need some reference units. Moreover, rhinoceroses don’t all have the same weight. We are thus in need of a consistent unit to measure the weight of objects. The same problem appears for all the […]
Chapter 1: Elementary physics – Introduction
Definitions and laws “One of the noblest desire of the man is to know the laws ruling the Universe, and those who contributed to enlighten some of the mysteries were always admired by their peers; they appear as privileged, wearing on them the divine light, a through centuries the generations gaze upon their indelible work […]
Chapter 10c: The Aluminium-Nickel group
Addition of NH4Cl, NH4OH and (NH4)2S to a solution containing all the cations not precipitated in the preceding groups results in the precipitation of aluminium, chromium and iron(II) as hydroxides, and manganese, nickel, cobalt, iron(II) and zinc as sulphides. Note that we used NH4OH and (NH4)2S in several tests of the preceding groups to separate […]
Chapter 10b: The Copper-Arsenic group
The elements of the copper-arsenic group are Hg2+, Pb2+, Bi3+, Cu2+, Cd2+, As3+, Sb3+ and Sn4+. They form sulphides that are insoluble in dilute HCl. It is not the case for sulphides of the following groups so we can isolate the ions from the copper-arsenic group from the ions of the other groups. Lead and […]
Chapter 10: Qualitative laboratory analyses
In this chapter, we will discuss some procedures used to separate and identify ions/groups of interest in solutions composed of several molecules. We will describe one method for mineral compounds and one for organic compounds. I have no real doubt that nowadays mass spectrometers can probably do the job and with a quantitative result, but […]
Chapter 9c: asymmetric synthesis – formation of optically-pure compounds
There are two ways to obtain such compounds. The first method is called the resolution in which the reactants we are starting with are either racemic or achiral. We separate the enantiomers after the production of both enantiomers. This method is vastly used in industries even if it doubles the volumes. They try to use […]
Chapter 9b: asymmetric synthesis – analytical methods of determination of the enantiomeric excess
A chiral agent is always necessary to differentiate the enantiomers. The most used methods to determine the ee are the GC with a chiral stationnary phase, HPLC with a chiral stationnary phase, NMR with chiral lanthanides. Gazeous chromatography The stationnary phase of the column is chiral and only composed of one enantiomer (for instance the […]